发布日期:2024-12-14 08:15 点击次数:151
[文/洪农,翻译/李泽西]
在共同拒抗西方影响和追求北极处置策略利益的激动下,中俄伙伴关联正飞速迈向新高度。这种空前的水平不仅体咫尺近期的聚会军事演习上,还包括加强海上合作以及高度融合的北极政策上。
两次引东谈主注计较军事演习——“北部·聚会-2024”和“大洋-2024”——充分展现了中俄军事合作的深度。
“北部·聚会-2024”演习重心围绕反潜战和空中重视伸开。演习测试了两国舟师戎行的高等互操作性,突显了两边在策略地区进行聚会作战的准备情状。
据报谈,“大洋-2024”演习侧重于保护关节基础圭臬的模拟重视策略,以及在未经准备的地形上实施弥留性两栖登陆。这些演习标明,两边高度意思意思对抗北约等潜在挟制的战备能力。
这些演习不仅旨在进步北极重视能力,也向西方国度开释信号,败露中俄在地缘政事竞争热烈的地区投射军事力量的能力。10月,中国海岸警卫队初度与俄罗斯海岸警卫队在北极水域聚会旁观,这是中俄双边海事合作的环节里程碑。
这次行径或然中国国庆节与中俄建交75周年之际,测试了海警船在北极极点当然要求下试验任务的能力。旁观行径遮蔽了俄罗斯专属经济区和阿拉斯加隔邻的白令海,突显了两边加强海上融合的意愿,同期肃肃了共同激动北极发展的策略决心。
这些合作标明,两边共同可贵确保并开垦“朔方海路”。跟着北极冰层消退,这条交易航路的环节性日益增多,不仅能诽谤欧亚之间的运载距离,还为赢得无数当然资源提供了通谈。
2010年至2022年间朔方航谈的过境通行量极地与海洋派别
除防务外,两国还久了了经济和科技限度的合作,进一步将中国的“极地丝绸之路”纳入北极区域框架。由于乌克兰破损导致西方制裁和应酬独处,俄罗斯愈发依赖中国提供经济和工夫扶助;而中国则通过这一伙伴关联,确保赢得关节北极资源和运载阶梯。面对制裁和北约在北极的存在,这一合作对两边均至关环节。
北极日益增长的策略风趣风趣,以及中俄不停久了的合作关联,也激勉了对特朗普在2024年1月就任总统后,好意思国北极政策标的的新疑问。
在第一任期内,特朗普削弱了好意思国对《巴黎协定》等各人表象倡议的参与,但他对北极地区的经济后劲阐扬出浓厚风趣,举例曾提议购买格陵兰岛。他还加强了好意思国在北极的军事存在,旨在制衡俄罗斯,确保好意思国的策略利益。2020年,他命令加快彭胀好意思国破冰船队。
格陵兰岛新华社
在第二个任期内,特朗普可能在北极政策上继承交往式策略,优先追求区域经济利益,同期落魄中国在北极的扩展。他与化石燃料行业的密切关联预示着他可能收缩环境规定,猖狂激动石油和自然气的勘察开垦,从而强化与中俄的资源竞争。
然则,特朗普对北约的怀疑作风,可能对该定约在北极的策略融合组成严重挑战。尽管北约连年来加强了在北极的存在,特朗普的态度可能削弱友邦间的合作,侵蚀集体剖析并削减行径能力。他永久以来对北约资金摊派公谈性的月旦,照旧对定约的合作性带来负面影响。若特朗普政府重回“好意思国优先”政策,可能进一步削弱好意思国对多边防务框架的应许,令北约在北极的融合力和影响力大打扣头。
如若北约无法酿成“融合阵线”,将难以有用应酬中俄在北极的聚会行径,举例军事演习和“朔方海路”沿线的基础圭臬建树。同期,特朗普对双边交往式应酬的偏好,可能加重北约里面差异,为中俄在北极拓展合作提供更多空间。
这一处所可能促使俄罗斯更斗胆地肃肃其在北极处置中的主导地位,颠倒是在安全限度。而中国在激动“极地丝绸之路”策略时,也可能面对更少阻力。北约策略凝合力的削弱不仅将更变北极地区的力量面目,还可能进一步加雄伟众地缘政事的复杂性。
应酬这些风险需要继承细巧的策略,在特朗普可能的政策革新与顾惜北约的“北极合作”之间取得平衡。通过加强与北极其他利益关联方的伙伴关联,并探索科学接头和可握续发展等非军事合作样式,或可缓解多边合作弱化所带来的不褂讪。
西方国度需制定可握续的北极政策,将资源开垦与环境管束相勾通,以平衡应酬该地区日益增长的经济后劲。
特朗普政府可能会优先辩论双边左券,而非多边框架,这可能加重对北极资源的竞争,并削弱北约的合作势头。
2017年12月8日,中俄动力合作要紧表情——亚马尔液化自然气表情第一条LNG(液化自然气)出产线阐扬投产,这一表情是中国淡薄“一带一王人”倡议后实施的首个外洋特大型表情,亦然各人最大的北极LNG表情,对中国外洋动力合作、进步中国谢宇宙动力阛阓讲话权具有环节风趣风趣新华社
表象变化加快了北极资源开垦的可行性,也进一步放大了该地区的地缘政事竞争,使各方面对的风险不停增多。通过继承合作样式并保握洞开的对话渠谈,各方有契机有用应酬这些挑战,激动建树包容性的北极处置框架,平衡包括中俄在内的各方利益,促进区域褂讪与共同发展。
英文原文:
TheChina-Russiapartnershiphasreachedunprecedentedlevels,propelledbymutualstrategicinterestsinArcticgovernanceandasharedobjectiveofcounteringWesterninfluence.Thispartnershipisreflectedinrecentjointmilitaryactivities,enhancedmaritimecooperation,andincreasinglyintegratedArcticpolicies.
Twohigh-profilemilitaryexercises–“Northern/Interaction-2024”and“Ocean-2024”–highlightthedepthofChina-Russianmilitarycooperation.
TheNorthern/Interaction-2024exerciseemphasisedanti-submarinewarfareandaerialdefence.Thedrillstestedadvancedinteroperabilitybetweenthetwonations’navalforces,underscoringtheirpreparednessforjointoperationsinsensitiveregions.
Ocean-2024reportedlyfocusedonsimulateddefensivestrategiestoprotectvitalinfrastructureandonoffensiveamphibiouslandingsonunpreparedterrain.ThesesimulationsreflectanemphasisonmaintainingoperationalreadinessagainstpotentialthreatssuchasthoseposedbyNato.
TheseexercisesarenotonlyaboutshoringupArcticdefencecapabilities;theyalsosendsignalstoWesternnations,emphasisingthepartnership’sabilitytoprojectpowerinthegeopoliticallycontestedregion.TheChinesecoastguard’sfirstjointpatrolwithitsRussiancounterpartsinArcticwaterslastmonthmarkedasignificantmilestoneinbilateralmaritimecooperation.
ConductedduringChina’sNationalDaycelebrationsandthe75thanniversaryofSino-Russiandiplomaticrelations,theoperationtestedthevessels’abilitytoperforminchallengingArcticconditions.OperatinginRussia’sexclusiveeconomiczoneandtheBeringSeanearAlaska,thepatrolhighlightedenhancedmaritimecoordinationandreinforcedtheirsharedcommitmenttoArcticambitions.
ThiscooperationsuggestsasharedfocusonsecuringanddevelopingtheNorthernSeaRoute,atraderoutewithincreasingglobalimportanceduetoretreatingArcticice.TheroutenotonlyoffersashortertransitpassagewaybetweenEuropeandAsiabutalsoprovidesaccesstovastnaturalresources.
Beyonddefence,bothnationshavedeepenedeconomicandscientificcooperation,furtherembeddingChina’s“PolarSilkRoad”intotheregion’sframework.Russia,facingWesternsanctionsanddiplomaticisolationduetoitswarinUkraine,increasinglyleansonChinaforeconomicandtechnologicalsupport.Inturn,BeijingsecuresaccesstocriticalArcticresourcesandtransportroutes.ThisallianceisvitalforbothnationsastheychallengesanctionsandNato’sArcticpresence.
TheArctic’sgrowingstrategicsignificanceandthedeepeningChina-RussiapartnershipsparkfreshquestionsaboutthedirectionofUSpolicyunderDonaldTrumpwhenhetakesofficeaspresidentinJanuary.
Duringhisfirstterm,TrumpunderminedUSinvolvementinglobalclimateinitiativesliketheParisAgreement,butshowedastronginterestintheArcticregion’seconomicpotential,asseenwithhisproposaltopurchaseGreenland.TrumpalsoreinforcedtheUSmilitary’sArcticpresence,aimingtocounterbalanceRussiaandsecureUSstrategicinterests.In2020,TrumpcalledforanacceleratedexpansionoftheUSicebreakerfleet.
Inhissecondterm,TrumpmayadoptatransactionalapproachtoArcticpolicy,emphasisingeconomicaccesstoregionalresourcesandopposingChina’sincreasingArcticpresence.HistiestothefossilfuelindustrysuggesthewillrollbackenvironmentalregulationstoencourageoilandgasexplorationandcompetewithRussiaandChina.
Meanwhile,Trump’sscepticismtowardsNatocouldunderminethealliance’scohesiveArcticstrategy.WhileNatohasrecentlybolstereditspresenceintheArctic,aTrumppresidencycouldstrainalliedcoordination,potentiallyweakeningcollectiveresolve.Trump’spastcritiquesofNato,includingquestioningitsfinancialfairness,havecastdoubtonthealliance’sunity.Arenewedfocuson“Americafirst”policiesmightdeprioritiseUScommitmentstomultilateraldefenceframeworks.
Withoutaunitedfront,NatomightstruggletoeffectivelydeterjointChina-RussiaactivitiessuchasmilitarydrillsandinfrastructureprojectsalongtheNorthernSeaRoute.Trump’spreferencefortransactionaldiplomacycouldpromptbilateraldealswithArcticstakeholders,dilutingNato’sinfluenceandopeningavenuesforChinaandRussiatoleverageregionalfragmentationintheirfavour.
SuchscenarioscouldemboldenRussiatoassertgreaterdominanceoverArcticgovernance,especiallyinsecuritymatters,andenableChinatoadvanceits“PolarSilkRoad”initiativeunderreducedscrutiny.ThepotentialerosionofNato’sstrategiccohesionwouldshiftthebalanceofpowerintheArcticandcomplicatebroaderglobaldynamics.
AddressingtheserisksrequiresanuancedstrategythatbalancesTrump’spossiblepolicyshiftswiththepreservationofNato’sArcticunity.StrengtheningpartnershipswithotherArcticstakeholdersandexploringnon-militaryavenuesofcooperation,suchasscientificresearchandsustainabledevelopment,couldhelpmitigatethedestabilisingeffectsofreducedmultilateralengagement.
IncreasedSino-RussianpartnershipintheArcticbringstotheforekeyconsiderationsfortheWest.Collaborativeactivities,suchasjointdrills,underscoretheneedforenhancedvigilanceandrobustdefencecapabilitiestosafeguardcriticalArcticterritoriesandinfrastructure.WesternnationsmustalsourgentlycraftsustainableArcticpoliciesthatalignresourcedevelopmentwithenvironmentalstewardship,ensuringabalancedapproachtotheregion’sgrowingeconomicpotential.
ThenextTrumpadministrationmightprioritisebilateralagreementsovermultilateralframeworks,fosteringcompetitionforArcticresourceswhilepotentiallyreducingNato’scollaborativemomentum.ThiscouldcreateopeningsforChinaandRussiatoexpandtheirinfluenceinArcticgovernanceandenergypolicy.Thismakesdialoguetomitigatetensionsandfostercoexistenceallthemoreimportant.
TheArcticisincreasinglyemergingasafocalpointforinternationalcooperationandcompetition.ChinaandRussia,whilestrategicallyaligned,havedistinctnationalprioritiesandambitionstoshapetheregionalorder.ForWesternnations,thispartnershipcallsfornuancedandcoordinatedstrategiesthatbalanceengagementwithpreparedness.
AsclimatechangeacceleratesresourceaccessibilityandamplifiesgeopoliticalinterestintheArctic,thestakesremainhighforallstakeholders.Bypursuingcollaborativeapproachesandmaintainingopenchannelsofcommunication,theWestcaneffectivelynavigatethesechallenges,promotinganinclusiveframeworkforArcticgovernancethatconsiderstheinterestsofallregionalplayers,includingChinaandRussia.